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Chapter 41 - Medical Management of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
- from Section 5 - Medical and Surgical Management of Issues of Male Health
- Edited by Douglas T. Carrell, Utah Center for Reproductive Medicine, Alexander W. Pastuszak, University of Utah, James M. Hotaling, Utah Center for Reproductive Medicine
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- Book:
- Men's Reproductive and Sexual Health Throughout the Lifespan
- Published online:
- 06 December 2023
- Print publication:
- 16 November 2023, pp 323-328
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Summary
Benign prostatic hyperplasia is the most common benign neoplasm in males in the United States. It is characterized by lower urinary tract symptoms: weak stream, urinary frequency, urgency, incomplete emptying, hesitancy, nocturia, and acute urinary retention. These symptoms are generally slowly progressive and left untreated can cause irreversible bladder damage. Diagnosis is mostly clinical and based on symptomatology; however, the use of some objective tests can be helpful. Treatment options include lifestyle modification as well as a variety of different pharmacologic agents.
Diverse microbial species survive high ammonia concentrations
- Laura C. Kelly, Charles S. Cockell, Stephen Summers
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- Journal:
- International Journal of Astrobiology / Volume 11 / Issue 2 / April 2012
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 03 February 2012, pp. 125-131
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Planetary protection regulations are in place to control the contamination of planets and moons with terrestrial micro-organisms in order to avoid jeopardizing future scientific investigations relating to the search for life. One environmental chemical factor of relevance in extraterrestrial environments, specifically in the moons of the outer solar system, is ammonia (NH3). Ammonia is known to be highly toxic to micro-organisms and may disrupt proton motive force, interfere with cellular redox reactions or cause an increase of cell pH. To test the survival potential of terrestrial micro-organisms exposed to such cold, ammonia-rich environments, and to judge whether current planetary protection regulations are sufficient, soil samples were exposed to concentrations of NH3 from 5 to 35% (v/v) at −80°C and room temperature for periods up to 11 months. Following exposure to 35% NH3, diverse spore-forming taxa survived, including representatives of the Firmicutes (Bacillus, Sporosarcina, Viridibacillus, Paenibacillus, Staphylococcus and Brevibacillus) and Actinobacteria (Streptomyces). Non-spore forming organisms also survived, including Proteobacteria (Pseudomonas) and Actinobacteria (Arthrobacter) that are known to have environmentally resistant resting states. Clostridium spp. were isolated from the exposed soil under anaerobic culture. High NH3 was shown to cause a reduction in viability of spores over time, but spore morphology was not visibly altered. In addition to its implications for planetary protection, these data show that a large number of bacteria, potentially including spore-forming pathogens, but also environmentally resistant non-spore-formers, can survive high ammonia concentrations.
Contributors
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- By Aakash Agarwala, Linda S. Aglio, Rae M. Allain, Paul D. Allen, Houman Amirfarzan, Yasodananda Kumar Areti, Amit Asopa, Edwin G. Avery, Patricia R. Bachiller, Angela M. Bader, Rana Badr, Sibinka Bajic, David J. Baker, Sheila R. Barnett, Rena Beckerly, Lorenzo Berra, Walter Bethune, Sascha S. Beutler, Tarun Bhalla, Edward A. Bittner, Jonathan D. Bloom, Alina V. Bodas, Lina M. Bolanos-Diaz, Ruma R. Bose, Jan Boublik, John P. Broadnax, Jason C. Brookman, Meredith R. Brooks, Roland Brusseau, Ethan O. Bryson, Linda A. Bulich, Kenji Butterfield, William R. Camann, Denise M. Chan, Theresa S. Chang, Jonathan E. Charnin, Mark Chrostowski, Fred Cobey, Adam B. Collins, Mercedes A. Concepcion, Christopher W. Connor, Bronwyn Cooper, Jeffrey B. Cooper, Martha Cordoba-Amorocho, Stephen B. Corn, Darin J. Correll, Gregory J. Crosby, Lisa J. Crossley, Deborah J. Culley, Tomas Cvrk, Michael N. D'Ambra, Michael Decker, Daniel F. Dedrick, Mark Dershwitz, Francis X. Dillon, Pradeep Dinakar, Alimorad G. Djalali, D. John Doyle, Lambertus Drop, Ian F. Dunn, Theodore E. Dushane, Sunil Eappen, Thomas Edrich, Jesse M. Ehrenfeld, Jason M. Erlich, Lucinda L. Everett, Elliott S. Farber, Khaldoun Faris, Eddy M. Feliz, Massimo Ferrigno, Richard S. Field, Michael G. Fitzsimons, Hugh L. Flanagan Jr., Vladimir Formanek, Amanda A. Fox, John A. Fox, Gyorgy Frendl, Tanja S. Frey, Samuel M. Galvagno Jr., Edward R. Garcia, Jonathan D. Gates, Cosmin Gauran, Brian J. Gelfand, Simon Gelman, Alexander C. Gerhart, Peter Gerner, Omid Ghalambor, Christopher J. Gilligan, Christian D. Gonzalez, Noah E. Gordon, William B. Gormley, Thomas J. Graetz, Wendy L. Gross, Amit Gupta, James P. Hardy, Seetharaman Hariharan, Miriam Harnett, Philip M. Hartigan, Joaquim M. Havens, Bishr Haydar, Stephen O. Heard, James L. Helstrom, David L. Hepner, McCallum R. Hoyt, Robert N. Jamison, Karinne Jervis, Stephanie B. Jones, Swaminathan Karthik, Richard M. Kaufman, Shubjeet Kaur, Lee A. Kearse Jr., John C. Keel, Scott D. Kelley, Albert H. Kim, Amy L. Kim, Grace Y. Kim, Robert J. Klickovich, Robert M. Knapp, Bhavani S. Kodali, Rahul Koka, Alina Lazar, Laura H. Leduc, Stanley Leeson, Lisa R. Leffert, Scott A. LeGrand, Patricio Leyton, J. Lance Lichtor, John Lin, Alvaro A. Macias, Karan Madan, Sohail K. Mahboobi, Devi Mahendran, Christine Mai, Sayeed Malek, S. Rao Mallampati, Thomas J. Mancuso, Ramon Martin, Matthew C. Martinez, J. A. Jeevendra Martyn, Kai Matthes, Tommaso Mauri, Mary Ellen McCann, Shannon S. McKenna, Dennis J. McNicholl, Abdel-Kader Mehio, Thor C. Milland, Tonya L. K. Miller, John D. Mitchell, K. Annette Mizuguchi, Naila Moghul, David R. Moss, Ross J. Musumeci, Naveen Nathan, Ju-Mei Ng, Liem C. Nguyen, Ervant Nishanian, Martina Nowak, Ala Nozari, Michael Nurok, Arti Ori, Rafael A. Ortega, Amy J. Ortman, David Oxman, Arvind Palanisamy, Carlo Pancaro, Lisbeth Lopez Pappas, Benjamin Parish, Samuel Park, Deborah S. Pederson, Beverly K. Philip, James H. Philip, Silvia Pivi, Stephen D. Pratt, Douglas E. Raines, Stephen L. Ratcliff, James P. Rathmell, J. Taylor Reed, Elizabeth M. Rickerson, Selwyn O. Rogers Jr., Thomas M. Romanelli, William H. Rosenblatt, Carl E. Rosow, Edgar L. Ross, J. Victor Ryckman, Mônica M. Sá Rêgo, Nicholas Sadovnikoff, Warren S. Sandberg, Annette Y. Schure, B. Scott Segal, Navil F. Sethna, Swapneel K. Shah, Shaheen F. Shaikh, Fred E. Shapiro, Torin D. Shear, Prem S. Shekar, Stanton K. Shernan, Naomi Shimizu, Douglas C. Shook, Kamal K. Sikka, Pankaj K. Sikka, David A. Silver, Jeffrey H. Silverstein, Emily A. Singer, Ken Solt, Spiro G. Spanakis, Wolfgang Steudel, Matthias Stopfkuchen-Evans, Michael P. Storey, Gary R. Strichartz, Balachundhar Subramaniam, Wariya Sukhupragarn, John Summers, Shine Sun, Eswar Sundar, Sugantha Sundar, Neelakantan Sunder, Faraz Syed, Usha B. Tedrow, Nelson L. Thaemert, George P. Topulos, Lawrence C. Tsen, Richard D. Urman, Charles A. Vacanti, Francis X. Vacanti, Joshua C. Vacanti, Assia Valovska, Ivan T. Valovski, Mary Ann Vann, Susan Vassallo, Anasuya Vasudevan, Kamen V. Vlassakov, Gian Paolo Volpato, Essi M. Vulli, J. Matthias Walz, Jingping Wang, James F. Watkins, Maxwell Weinmann, Sharon L. Wetherall, Mallory Williams, Sarah H. Wiser, Zhiling Xiong, Warren M. Zapol, Jie Zhou
- Edited by Charles Vacanti, Scott Segal, Pankaj Sikka, Richard Urman
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- Book:
- Essential Clinical Anesthesia
- Published online:
- 05 January 2012
- Print publication:
- 11 July 2011, pp xv-xxviii
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7 - Yet More Ado about Nothing: The Remarkable Relativistic Vacuum State
- from II - Beyond the Hilbert Space Formalism: Operator Algebras
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- By Stephen J. Summers, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
- Edited by Hans Halvorson, Princeton University, New Jersey
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- Book:
- Deep Beauty
- Published online:
- 01 June 2011
- Print publication:
- 18 April 2011, pp 317-342
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Summary
Introduction
For millennia, the concept of nothingness, in many forms and guises, has occupied reflective minds, who have adopted an extraordinary range of stances toward the notion—from holding that it is the Godhead itself to rejecting it vehemently as a foul blasphemy. Even among more scientifically inclined thinkers, there has been a similar range of views [49]. We have no intention here to sketch this vast richness of thought about nothingness. Instead, we shall more modestly attempt to explain what mathematical physics has to say about nothingness in its modern scientific guise: the relativistic vacuum state.
What is the vacuum in modern science? Roughly speaking, it is that which is left over after all that can possibly be removed has been removed, where “possibly” refers to neither “technically possible” nor to “logically possible” but rather to “physically possible”—that which is possible in light of (the current understanding of) the laws of physics. The vacuum is therefore an idealization that is only approximately realized in the laboratory and in nature. But it is a most useful idealization and a surprisingly rich concept.
We discuss the vacuum solely in the context of the relativistic quantum theory of systems in four spacetime dimensional Minkowski space, although we briefly indicate how similar states for quantum systems in other spacetimes can be defined and studied. In a relativistic theory of systems in Minkowski space, the vacuum should appear to be the same at every position and in every direction for all inertial observers.
A first survey of the global population size and distribution of the Scottish Crossbill Loxia scotica
- RON W. SUMMERS, STEPHEN T. BUCKLAND
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- Journal:
- Bird Conservation International / Volume 21 / Issue 2 / June 2011
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 11 January 2010, pp. 186-198
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A survey of Scottish Crossbills Loxia scotica was carried out in 3,506 km2 of conifer woodland in northern Scotland during January to April 2008 to provide the first estimate of the global population size for this endemic bird. Population estimates were also made for Common Crossbills L. curvirostra and Parrot Crossbills L. pytyopsittacus within this range. Crossbills were lured to systematically selected survey points for counting, sexing and recording their calls for later call-type (species) identification from sonograms. Crossbills were located at 451 of the 852 survey points, and adequate tape-recordings made at 387 of these. The Scottish Crossbill had a disjunct distribution, occurring largely within the eastern part of the study area, but also in the northwest. Common Crossbills had a mainly westerly distribution. The population size of post-juvenile Scottish Crossbills was estimated as 13,600 (95% C.I. 8,130–22,700), which will approximate to 6,800 (4,065–11,350) pairs. Common Crossbills were more abundant within this range (27,100, 95% C.I. 14,700–38,400) and Parrot Crossbills rare (about 100). The sex ratio was not significantly different from parity for Scottish Crossbills. The modal number at survey points was two but numbers were larger in January than later in the survey. The numbers and distribution of all crossbill species are likely to vary between years, depending upon the size of the cone crops of the different conifers: all were coning in 2008. Common Crossbill and Parrot Crossbill numbers will also be affected by irruptions from continental Europe. A monitoring scheme is required to detect any population trend, and further work on their habitat requirement (e.g. conifer selection at different seasons) is needed to inform habitat management of native and planted conifer forests to ensure a secure future for this endemic bird.
FURTHER REPRESENTATIONS OF THE CANONICAL COMMUTATION RELATIONS
- MARTIN FLORIG, STEPHEN J. SUMMERS
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- Journal:
- Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society / Volume 80 / Issue 2 / March 2000
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 March 2000, pp. 451-490
- Print publication:
- March 2000
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We construct a new class of representations of the canonical commutation relations, which generalizes previously known classes. We perturb the infinitesimal generator of the initial Fock representation (in other words, the free quantum field) by a function of the field which is square-integrable with respect to the associated Gaussian measure. We characterize perturbations which lead to representations of the canonical commutation relations. We provide conditions entailing the irreducibility of such representations, show explicitly that our class of representations subsumes previously studied classes, and give necessary and sufficient conditions for our representations to be unitarily equivalent, or just quasi-equivalent, with Fock, coherent or quasifree representations. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification: 81S05, 46L60, 81T05.